Final Consultants’ Report A Road Map for Cleaner Fuels and Vehicles in Asia

The views expressed in this publication are those of the consultants and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of ADB, its Board of Governors or the governments they represent, Neither ADB nor the CAI-Asia Center guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication, and neither ADB nor the CAI-Asia Center accept responsibility for any consequence of their use. Use of the term "country" does not imply any judgment by the authors or ADB and the CAI-Asia Center as to the legal or other status of any territorial entity. ABBREVIATIONS ACEA – Association des Constructeurs Européens d'Automobiles (European Automobile Manufacturers Association) ADB – Asian Development Bank AMEICC – ASEAN Economic Ministers and Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan Economic and Industrial Cooperation Committee ASEAN – Association of Southeast Asian Nations B – baht (Thailand) CAI-Asia – Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities CARB – California Air Resources Board CNG – compressed natural gas CNY – yuan (People's Republic of China) CO – carbon monoxide CO 2 – carbon dioxide DOC – diesel oxidation catalyst ECU – European currency unit EGR – exhaust gas recirculation EN – European Standard (set by the European Committee for Standardization) EPEFE – European Programmes on Emissions, Fuels and Engine Technologies ETBE – ethyl tertiary-butyl ether EU – European Union FCC – fuel catalytic cracking HC – Hydrocarbon HK$ – Hong Kong, China dollar IEA – International Energy Agency IQ – intelligence quotient JAMA – Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association JCAP – Japan Clean Air Program £ – pound sterling (United Kingdom) Lao PDR – Lao People's Democratic Republic LPG – liquefied petroleum gas LSD – low sulfur diesel MMT – methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl MTBE – methyl tertiary-butyl ether NO X – nitrogen oxides NO 2 – nitrogen dioxide OBD – on-board diagnostic OECD – Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OMV – open market value P – peso (the Philippines) PAH – polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Pb – Lead PRC – People's Republic of China PM – particulate matter PM 10 (PM 2.5) – particulate matter with diameter less than or equal to 10 (or 2.5) microns Road Map for Cleaner Fuels and Vehicles in Asia PERTAMINA RFG – – Perusahaan Tambang Minyak Nasional (National Oil Mining Company) reformulated gasoline RM – ringgit (Malaysia) Rp – rupiah (Indonesia) RVP – Reid vapor pressure S – sulfur S$ – Singapore dollar SCR – …